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Item Photobiomodulation by LED 660 nm and Taurine against H2O2 oxidative stress in SH-SY5Y cells(Springer Nature Link) Rossato, Rafaella Carvalho; Salles, Geisa Rodrigues; Albuquerque, Amanda Lira; Porcionatto, Marimélia Aparecida; Granato, Alessandro Eustáquio Campos; Ulrich, Henning; Santos, Mariela Inês Batista dos; Soares, Cristina PachecoAlzheimer's Disease (AD) is a progressive uncurable neurodegenerative pathology affecting millions worldwide. Photo- biomodulation and Taurine are promising alternatives for preventing and reducing the rapid progression of neurodegenera- tion, stimulating the reconstructing of neural tissue structures, especially improving mitochondrial activity, which is highly impaired in AD. In this study, the mitochondrial effects of Taurine combined with light emitting diode (LED) irradiation were evaluated on human neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y), under oxidative stress condition by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) exposure, a considerable modulator in AD. We evaluated LED irradiation at the wavelength of 660 nm and Taurine under different concentrations before and together with exposing SH-SY5Y cells to different concentrations of H2O2, assessing mitochondrial activity by the MTT colorimetric test and labeling live cells mitochondria by the fluorescent probe MitoTracker. Cell viability was also evaluated by the trypan blue exclusion assay, and cellular morphological structures were imaged by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Neuroprotective effects were achieved by both LED irradiation and LED irradia- tion + Taurine when cells were exposed to them before H2O2-induced stress. Comparing both agents, LED irradiation at 660 nm is sufficient to improve mitochondrial activity, however, healthy mitochondrial morphology was only observed when cells were treated with Taurine together with LED irradiation, representing affordable candidates that act in synergy against oxidative stress, one of the main contributors to neurodegeneration.Item Self-assembly and 3D Bioprinting of Neurospheres and Evaluation of Caffeine and Photobiomodulation Effects in an Alzheimer's Disease In Vitro Model(Springer Nature Link) Salles, Geisa Rodrigues; Granato, Alessandro Eustáquio Campos; Viero, Fernanda Tibolla; Soares, Cristina Pacheco; Ferreira, Sergio Teixeira; Porcionatto, Marimélia Aparecida; Ulrich, HenningSeveral in vitro models of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) rely on 2D cell culture, and, more recently, 3D cultures represented by free-floating neurospheres have been used as models for the disease. The advantage of 3D over 2D cell culture is that cell-extracellular matrix and cell-cell interactions can be assessed, better representing the molecular and cellular hallmarks of the disease. In the current study, we developed two complementary 3D neurosphere models using SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells to investigate AD pathology and evaluate potential therapies. First, self-assembled neurospheres were exposed to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and amyloid-beta oligomers (AβOs), inducing AD-like features such as increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), amyloid aggregation, and apoptosis. Treatment with caffeine or photo- biomodulation (PBM) using LED irradiation significantly reduced Aβ1−42 accumulation, ROS generation, and decreased apoptosis markers. Second, 3D bioprinting of SH-SY5Y cells resulted in neurospheres with enhanced cellular organization and differentiation. These findings emphasize the advantages of 3D models for studying neurodegeneration and evaluating therapeutic strategies, bridging the gap between traditional 2D cultures and complex in vitro systems.