Midnight Simultaneous Observations of Spread-F and Multiple F-Layer Stratifications During the 11-12 May 2024 Geomagnetic Superstorm

A geomagnetic superstorm occurred from May 10 to 12, 2024, producing significant spatial and temporal disturbances in the ionosphere. Ground‐based ionosonde and GPS‐TEC data enabled the identification, analysis, and possible interpretation of a unique event: the simultaneous occurrence of Spread‐F and multiple F‐layer stratifications during the local midnight hours of May 11. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first documented case of such a phenomenon occurring at local midnight. This study provides new insights into the dynamics of the equatorial and low‐latitude ionosphere under extreme geomagnetic conditions and highlights the critical role of coordinated, multi‐instrument observations in advancing our understanding of ionospheric electrodynamics.