Energy Deposition by Cosmic Rays in the Molecular Cloud Using GEANT4 Code and Voyager I Data

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dc.contributor.authorPazianotto, Maurício Tizziani
dc.contributor.authorPilling, Sergio
dc.contributor.authorMolina, Jose Manuel Quesada
dc.contributor.authorFederico, Claudio Antonio
dc.date.accessioned2025-04-04T18:15:46Z
dc.date.available2025-04-04T18:15:46Z
dc.date.issued22021
dc.description.abstractMolecular clouds (MCs) are exposed to Galactic and extragalactic cosmic rays (CR) that trigger several physical and physicochemical changes, including gas and grain heating and molecular destruction and formation. Here we present a theoretical model describing the energy delivered by CRs, composed of protons, alphas, and electrons taken from Voyager I measurements, into a typical MC with 5400 M☉ (composed mainly of H with a density law of r −1.2) and size around 1 × 106 au. The calculation was performed employing the Monte Carlo toolkit GEANT4 to obtain the energy deposition per mass from several types of secondary particles (considering nuclear and hadron physics). The results indicate that incoming protons contribute to most of the energy delivered in the MC in all regions (maximum ∼230 MeV g−1 s −1 at outer regions of the cloud). Secondary electrons are the second most important component for energy deposition in almost all layers of the MC and can deliver an energy rate of ∼130 MeV g−1 s −1 in the outer region of the MC. Other cascade particles have their major energy delivery in the central and denser core of the MC. From a temperature model (considering CR data from Voyager I), we observed (i) a small bump in temperature at the distance of 3 × 103 –2 × 104 au from the center, (ii) a rapid temperature decrease (roughly 7 K) between the outer layer and the second most outer layer, and (iii) that, at a distance of 5 × 104 au (Av > 10), the gas temperature of the MC is below 15 K.
dc.description.physical20 p.
dc.description.sponsorshipFundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
dc.description.sponsorshipConselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
dc.description.uriFAPESP (2019/13577-0) CNPq ( 306145/2015-4 and 302985/2018-2)
dc.format.mimetypePDF
dc.identifier.affiliationUniversidade do Vale do Paraíba
dc.identifier.affiliationInstituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica
dc.identifier.affiliationUniversity of Seville
dc.identifier.bibliographicCitationPAZIANOTTO, Maurício Tizziani et al. Energy Deposition by Cosmic Rays in the Molecular Cloud Using GEANT4 Code and Voyager I Data. The Astrophysical Journal, v. 911, n. 2, p. 1-20, 2021. Disponível em:
dc.identifier.doi10.3847/1538-4357/abe7f3
dc.identifier.urihttps://repositorio.univap.br/handle/123456789/813
dc.language.isoen_US
dc.publisherIOP science
dc.rights.holderThe Astrophysical Journal
dc.subject.keywordMolecular clouds
dc.subject.keywordCosmic ray showers
dc.subject.keywordSecondary cosmic rays
dc.titleEnergy Deposition by Cosmic Rays in the Molecular Cloud Using GEANT4 Code and Voyager I Data
dc.typeArtigos de Periódicos

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